1958 japanese expedition to antarctica

Lure of the ice: a view across the Ross Ice Shelf. In February 1957, the first Japanese Antarctica expedition team constructed. Hillary began his depot-laying journey on October 14, 1957. The 1958 ill-fated Japanese expedition to Antarctica inspired the 1983 hit film, Antarctica, of which Eight Below is a remake. They joked and referred to each other by their nicknames, Bunny and Ed.. The 58th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition had a rare opportunity to conduct ship-based observations near the tip of East Antarctic Shirase Glacier when large areas of heavy sea ice broke up . But one never likes to regard any expedition as the last.. Sir Edmund, who at one stage urged Dr Fuchs to end his journey at the Pole because of the weather and postpone the full crossing until mountain ranges in the next year, said, laughing: I must say, Bunny, there were times when I wondered if you were going to get here, but you did., Dr Fuchs said, on the radio. [76] There were no fatalities or serious injuries among the personnel all returned safely home. He sold his house in Tokyo and moved to the Kuril Islands, where he raised money through the fox-fur business. [76][94], Shirase devoted most of the rest of his life to clearing the expedition's debts. After failing to land in its first season, the Japanese expedition's original aim of reaching the South Pole was replaced by less ambitious objectives, and after a more successful second season it returned safely to Japan, without injury or loss of life. Perhaps most significantly, an exercise designed to showcase Commonwealth unity ended up demonstrating the opposite. At the same time that Amundsen and Scott were busy huffing and puffing their way south, a little-known Japanese expedition, led by polar-enthusiast Nobu Shirase, was quietly making achievements of its own accord. The Japanese Antarctic Expedition led by middle-aged army reservist Lieutenant Nobu Shirase was in Antarctica at the same time that Scott and Amundsen were engaged on their attempts on the South Pole. [17] David had been to the Antarctic with Shackleton, and was one of the party of three who had discovered the location of the South Magnetic Pole. [45] A member of the expedition described the camp in idyllic terms: "surrounded by dense overgrown old trees guava, bottlebrush, evergreen oak and pineStanding on the rising ground behind the encampment you can gaze up at the hillside or turn to look at the sea belowlike a landscape painting come alive". In the fall of 1957 the U.S. Department of State reviewed its Antarctic policy and sounded out agreements with the 11 other governments that were active in Antarctica during IGY. This article was originally published on The Conversation. In fact, most of what is known about Antarctica has been discovered in the present century. [101], Several Antarctic landmarks reference Shirase or the expedition: the Shirase Coast,[102] the Shirase Glacier,[103] as well as Okuma Bay and Kainan Bay. The unloading completed, Kainan Maru departed for King Edward VII Land, leaving seven men on the Barrier. The copyright may lie outside the Institute and, if so, it is necessary for the reader to seek appropriate permission to consult, copy, or publish any such material. The name "Yamato Yukihara" was officially accepted by the Japanese Antarctic Place Names Committee in 2012. [28] The Christchurch Press thought they were "running it fine, even with their determination and daring". The world has been through many tragic events that have shaped the world that we live in today. Antarctic expedition . While Fuchs soon won the support of many in the Commonwealth polar and scientific communities, some derided what appeared to be a geopolitical exercise using the supposedly apolitical, science-focused IGY. Takesi Nagata led the summer operations for 1956-1957. The former RGS president Clements Markham ignored the expedition altogether in his polar exploration history, The Lands of Silence. In the end, New Zealanders donated more to the TAE per capita than the British public did. National Institute of Polar Research [8][9], Shirase knew that other nations were developing similar plans, and that if he were to have any hope of success he would have to move quickly. Shirase had apparently gone to bed, and did not meet with these visitors. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. Indeed, by the end of the Trans-Antarctic Expedition, New Zealands biggest partner in Antarctic science was not the United Kingdom, but the United States. From the Archives, 1958: Fuchs crosses Antarctic continent. They also describe thick Gel like air, Strange beings, portals to other worlds etc. In 2014, 56 years since Hillary's journey and 56 years since the birth of the Massey . [5] [6] The harshness of these experiences did not diminish his Arctic ambitions. Japanese Antarctic Expedition, 1958 - 1959 Stefansson Mss-212: United States Antarctic Projects Office-Official Observer reports Folder: 11, Box: 1 Citation Information How to Request. The Japanese Antarctic Expedition of 1910-12, in the ship Kainan Maru, was the first such expedition by a non-European nation.It was concurrent with two major Antarctic endeavours led respectively by Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott, and has been relatively overlooked in polar history.After failing to land in its first season, the Japanese expedition's original aim of reaching the . The Japanese Antarctic Expedition, led by army lieutenant Nobu Shirase, which aims to reach the Pole, is the first Japanese exploration of Antarctic territory. It was concurrent with two major Antarctic endeavours led respectively by Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott, and has been relatively overlooked in polar history. Were sorry, this feature is currently unavailable. The Japanese Antarctic Expedition of -12 was the first exploration of Antarctic territory by an expedition from Japan. Takesi Nagata led the summer operations for 1956-1957. . [78][91], Shirase had intended to make a landing at Coulman Island on the way home, but the weather was poor and this idea was abandoned. To date, a total of 23 valid species of heteronemerteans belonging to 15 genera have been recorded in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. In such cases the archivist will advise about any requirements imposed by the owner. It left Japan in November 1910, and after its first season's failure was forced to spend the winter of 1911 in Australia. Instead, he decided, the Japanese expedition would focus on more modest objectives in science, surveying, and exploring in King Edward VII Land. The Japanese party's sledges were described as "toy things", made of bamboo and wood. 200 years of exploring Antarctica the world's coldest, most forbidding and most peaceful continent. This would be the first overland crossing of the frozen continent. The expedition would reprovision in Wellington, New Zealand before proceeding to Antarctica, where they would set up winter quarters. From 1958 to 1973, Dr Fuchs was Director of the British Antarctic Survey. Hamuna Icefall (Photo: Iuko TSUWA, JARE51), Research Organization of Information and Systems / National Institute of Informatics / The Institute of Statistical Mathematics / National Institute of Genetics / Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Inter-university Research Institute Corporation Research Organization of Information and Systems Since then, Japan has performed various observations at Syowa Station and the surrounding areas, and resulted in outstanding scientific outcome such as findings of ozone hole and Antarctic meteorites, recovery of climate change in the past through analyses of ice core, understanding of aurora generation mechanism, unexpected finding of puzzling ecosystems in Antarctic lakes, and findings of evidence of Gondwana, etc. Subverted in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, when Capt. At the time, the United Kingdoms claims in Antarctica were under increasing threat from Argentina and Chile. Shirase found himself burdened with considerable expedition debts, with no government intervention. For Fuchs to succeed in journeying from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea via the South Pole, his plan like that of Ernest Shackletons ill-fated attempt 40 years earlier depended on a supporting party from New Zealand. 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan Operation Highjump: 1946-47 Expedition to Explore Antarctica From the Air. [63], On 17 January, two officers from Fram, Thorvald Nilsen and Kristian Prestrud, paid a brief visit to the Japanese ship. Showa, established in January 1957 on East Ongul . Cart. Led by Edmund Hillary, an international celebrity since his 1953 ascent of Mt Everest, this party would lay depots of food and fuel to support the second part of Fuchs journey, from the South Pole to the Ross Sea. [44] On 22 June, the camp was decorated with flags to mark the coronation of King George V, and visitors were entertained with exhibitions of traditional martial arts. They were the first non-European team to explore in the Antarctic;[8] they made the first landing from the sea on King Edward VII Land, where both Scott (1902) and Shackleton (1908) had failed. [66] While the landing proceeded, Nomura visited Fram and was much impressed by what he saw. . at the North Pole. 4.0 AntarcticaPast and Present. We travelled in some bad weather but on only two of our 99 days was the weather so bad that we could not travel at all. he said. [46] Shirase now revised his expedition's goals; Scott and Amundsen of whom there was as yet no direct news were, he reckoned, too far ahead of him for his aim of conquering the South Pole to be tenable. Fuchs tied the Trans-Antarctic Expedition to the scientific programme of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958. [8][22] The two contemporaneous South Pole expeditions, led respectively by Scott and Amundsen, were by this time well established in their Antarctic bases. On 24 March 1958 responsibility for coordinating New Zealand's activities in . [96] He died in relative obscurity in 1946. HDS30-23 This Polar Circle and Antarctic Peninsula cruise passes through waters travelled by Humpback, Minke and Fin whales. Information provided includes measurements. In a combined effort not long after World War II, the U.S. Navy employed ships, airplanes and helicopters to explore and map Antarctica's frozen reaches. [76] Arriving at their base camp on 31January, they recovered from their exertions by sleeping for 36hours. This project was a part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and Japanese Syowa Station was established on Ongul Island in Antarctica in 1957. In the 1958 event, 15 Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned History of Antarctica. The New Zealand support party he hoped would have some useful maps and geographical information to contribute. It read: On the completion of your hard and adventurous journey across Antarctica, my husband and I send our warmest congratulations to you and all members of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. In fact, it was Hillary who selected, in a last-minute change, the bases location on Ross Island, as it was more convenient for the TAEs priority of travelling over the Polar Plateau. . [20] The scientific data brought back by the expedition included important information on the geology of King Edward VII Land, and on ice and weather conditions in the Bay of Whales. He acted as a liaison between the expedition and local authorities and businesses, and with his advocacy the Australians' attitude to their visitors improved. Three years after Fuchs and Hillarys official account of the expedition was published, Hillary published his own tell-all version which played up the masculinity and daring of the New Zealand party in opposition to the British. [11], The government's response was lukewarm;[8] it agreed a financial contribution and the possible loan of a ship, but in the event, parliament would not release the funds. 1958, Page 35 Buy Reprints. The dogs became a media sensation after their discovery, and became Japanese symbols of perseverance and fortitude. . His team made good time and established Depot 700, the last one scheduled, in late December. The 12 nations listed in the preamble (below) signed the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959 at Washington, D.C. [31] They could go no further south, and were in danger of being trapped, to face a wintering in the ice that it was unlikely the ship would survive. He dreamt of conquering the North Pole until, in 1909, he learned that two American rivals, Frederick Cook and Robert Peary, were each claiming, separately, to have reached the Pole. What possessed her to . Going home One of the sled dogs used by Dr Fuchs, catches a flight home after a job well done. In the messroom at the base, a vast and disjointed cocktail party was soon under way. [43][41], The expedition found another influential supporter, in the person of Tannatt Edgeworth David, professor of geology at the University of Sydney. [60] This decided, the ship turned westward towards the Bay of Whales; as they approached, they found to their astonishment that another ship was there. As part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1956-1958 Japan instigated a programme of Antarctic research. Only the future will tell that. Of these 15, seven of the dogs died on the chain, six of them disappeared, and two, Taro and Jiro, successfully overwintered and were discovered by the next research group the following spring. Many of the dogs had died en route. Antarctic Adventure film. In the 1958 event, fifteen Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the expedition team was unable to return to the base. 1958 - 1959 Conditions Governing Access. The Ross Sea was open, and Kainan Maru proceeded swiftly south,[52] so that on 10 January they had their first sight of the Great Ice Barrier. Then: "On 15 September, when the winter will have ended, the party will proceed to the Pole", before returning to their base in late February 1912. . Yet the drama was still not over. Sparrow flees upriver into the jungle in order to escape the Kraken. [67] The Norwegians were less flattering in their observations of the Japanese expedition, noting in particular the barbaric fashion in which wildlife was captured and killed. Copyright 2020 Trustees of Dartmouth College, Japanese Antarctic Expedition, 1958 - 1959. [28] More particularly, they sought up-to-date charts; all they possessed for navigation beyond 60S was a small-scale photocopy of an admiralty chart marking Ernest Shackleton's 1907 route in Nimrod. In January 1957 the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) needed a sled dog to accompany its researchers, with the Sakhalin Husky, or Karafuto Ken as the . Sir Edmund Hillary led the New Zealand component of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE) in 1955-58, under the overall command of the British explorer Dr Vivian Fuchs. Dr Fuchs said that in the latter part of the trip, especially on the Skelton Glacier, the party was subject to winds up to 35 or 40 knots while travelling, and up to 50 knots when encamped. [77][n 3], After leaving Shirase's party, Kainan Maru sailed eastwards, arriving off the King Edward VII Land coast in Biscoe Bay on 23 January at 7656'S, 15555'W. The tough, bearded, medium-height figure man who conceived, organised and led the 500,000 expedition told newspaper men to fire the questions.. [8][n 1] While some suspected them as being part of a Japanese plan to expand its influence southwards,[28] the New Zealand Times mocked the crew as "gorillas sailing about in a miserable whaler",[29] a remark that caused Shirase deep offence. [10] The ship was placed under the command of an experienced seafarer, Captain Naokichi Nomura. [3] In 1893, by way of preparation, Shirase joined an exploration party to the Chishima Islands, led by Meiji Gohji. Finding Shackleton's ship: why our fascination with Antarctica endures. [57] The next day, close to the Barrier edge, they turned east to look for a likely landing place in the vicinity of King Edward VII Land. Shortly after his arrival at the Pole, Hillary sent a message to Fuchs suggesting he abandon his plans for completing a crossing, given the difficult conditions. Please contact us for information about items that are not available for viewing/download or for which you might need a higher resolution format. The wreck of Endurance is a bridge to a bygone age, and a reminder of Antarctica's uncertain future. Dwight D. Eisenhower issued . Early this afternoon Sir Edmund welcomed the British team led by Dr Vivian "Bunny" Fuchs . Members of the team attempting the first surface crossing of the Antarctic have joined up at the South Pole. Japanese Antarctic Expedition, collection Japanese Antarctic Expedition. Assistant Professor of History, Texas Tech University, Daniella McCahey has received funding from the Royal Society of New Zealand and the National Science Foundation. The dogs' story was used as the basis for the 1983 film Antarctica and the 2006 film Eight Below. This was to the chagrin of many scientists in both parties, including the IGY scientific leader Trevor Hatherton, who decried the sites poor conditions for geologic, geomagnetic and seismic research. [44][49] On 19 November 1911 Kainan Maru sailed from the harbour, where in contrast to the mood at their arrival, they were seen off by throngs of well-wishers, "cheering and waving their white handkerchiefs and black hats in the air". Written permission to publish material subject to the Institute's copyright must be obtained from the Director. They faced severe weather, and were halted after only 13 kilometres (8.1mi). OPINION: When the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ended on March 2, 1958, it marked what many called the last great adventure possible on Earth: an overland crossing of the Antarctic continent. Seven dogs had died while still chained, and eight had broken free. After a brief ceremony and salute to the emperor, the party began its journey back to base. Categories: Mountains, Nepal. A U.S. Coast Guard Sikorsky HNS-1 helicopter attached to Operation Highjump returns from a survey of South Pole waters. This article was inspired by the excellent article "Science, the South Pole, and the Japanese expedition of 1910-1912" by William R. Stevenson III in Endevour Vol. From the Box: Official Observer Reports. These were the two youngest dogs on the team (at three years old) were brothers, and were the pups of Kuma, a dog that had also been on the chain at Showa, but had broken free and disappeared. [4] This expedition turned into a disaster, from which Shirase emerged in 1895 as one of few survivors, most of the party having succumbed to privation or scurvy. Reports of Task Force 48 concerning U.S.S. They established Showa Station on East Ongul Island in January of that year, and sent a team of 11 researchers and 15 Sakhalin Husky dogs as a sled team. The researchers believed that a relief team would arrive within a few days and left the dogs chained up outside with a small supply of food. Deviating from the expeditions initial plans and disobeying orders from the Ross Sea Committee, Hillary continued to the South Pole and arrived at the US Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station on January 3, 1958, becoming the first to make this journey using overland vehicles. Atka Antarctic Expedition, 1954-55. [82], The two groups crossed the sea ice and climbed the ice wall which surrounded the coast. Hillarys expedition, intended to be largely privately funded, initially lacked widespread support from New Zealanders, many of whom believed their government should cover the entire cost. The remainder of the expedition was an exercise in damage control, with the organising committees in New Zealand and the UK stressing there was indeed only one expedition, and there had been no race to the Pole. At the head of a major public relations campaign, Hillarys attachment to the expedition was a big factor in growing support for the expedition. [100] In 2011, to mark the expedition's centenary, the Shirase Expedition Supporters Association published a full English translation, by Lara Dagnell and Hilary Shibata, of the original expedition report (Nankyokuki Tanken) from 1913. [72][79][n 4] Two land parties disembarked to explore what they thought was virgin territory, unaware that a team from Amundsen's expedition, led by Prestrud, had entered the land from the Barrier the previous year. The 15 dogs had been left chained with several days' worth of food accessible.[1]. In Britain, the Royal Geographical Society's secretary, John Scott Keltie, was reluctant even to acknowledge the Japanese expedition, and no report of it appeared in the Society's journal for many years. Right from the get-go, the idea of staying with a bunch of strangers who didn't speak English at . Taro (; 1955-1970) and Jiro (; 1955-1960) were two Sakhalin Huskies which survived for eleven months in Antarctica after being left behind by the 1958 Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition.Due to poor weather conditions, the expedition was unable to airlift out 15 dogs, which were left chained and with only a few days' worth of food. [32][44], In Parsley Bay, when the early suspicions had evaporated,[44] large numbers of visitors came to see the camp and have their photographs taken with Shirase and the other team members. [14], Among the personnel selected were two Ainu people from the far northern Japanese islands, chosen for their skills with dogs and sledges. They reported that the terrain was full of crevasses, some thinly covered with ice and snow, and that surface travel for any distance would be well-nigh impossible. An emergency evacuation resulted in the abandonment of 15 sled dogs. July 1957-Dec. 1958. . 4.0 Antarctica. To date, China has undertaken 34 national Antarctic expeditions and runs four research The radio announcement at this time (January 13, 1956) said: "On January 13, members of the United stated expedition penetrated a land extent of 2,300 miles BEYOND the Pole. Dr Fuchs said he was quite satisfied at the expeditions achievements in relation to what it set out to do. These may include seeking permission to read, extended closure, or other specific conditions. Were working to restore it. [10] This ship was the Hoko Maru, a former fishing industry service boat. [22] After cargo trimming in Tateyama, the ship finally left Japan on 1 December,[24] carrying 27 men and 28 Siberian dogs,[8] leaving behind a debt that would increase considerably during the course of the expedition, and would burden Shirase for many years. David formed a close friendship with Shirase, with whom he shared his knowledge and experience of Antarctic conditions. Hillarys expedition, intended to be largely privately funded, initially lacked widespread support from New Zealanders, many of whom believed their government should cover the entire cost. Shirase was received by the imperial family, and widely feted. Since then, JARE have been carrying out research in various fields of earth . Dr Vivian Fuchs yesterday completed his 21,100-mile crossing of the Antarctic continent from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea. [13] Still the scientific community remained aloof, and the journal of the Tokyo Geographical Society, while reporting on other countries' expeditions, ignored the Japanese venture entirely. Japan's slow emergence from isolation, following the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, kept it largely aloof from the growing international interest in polar exploration that escalated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. I never thought of giving up! Dr Fuchs dismounts his Snocat during the trek. On the table was a huge welcome cake, iced and lettered which had been baked at Hut Point. 200 years of exploring Antarctica the world's coldest, most forbidding and most peaceful continent, The wreck of Endurance is a bridge to a bygone age, and a reminder of Antarctica's uncertain future, Fighting boredom with banjos and Russian grammar tips from polar explorers for surviving months of isolation, Finding Shackleton's ship: why our fascination with Antarctica endures. [16] Okuma formed and presided over the Antarctic Expedition Supporters Association,[14] and the public began to contribute, mainly in small amounts from what Shirase described as the "student class". [31][32] To their further discomfort, their proximity to the South Magnetic Pole was causing violent disturbances to the compass needle. And it helped cement New Zealands independent relationship with Antarctica, specifically the Ross Dependency and Scott Base, as quite separate from its ties to Britain. He said he and his companions had been given a wonderful welcome by the members of the party at Scott Base and by the Americans. By 1935 the last outstanding amounts had been finally paid. Between 1992 and 2015, an image of a modified Massey Ferguson tractor graced the New Zealand $5 note, commemorating the achievement. [n 2] Appearing first as a faint line on the horizon,[55][56] as they grew closer it took on, Shirase later wrote, the appearance of "a gigantic white snake at rest". With Burton Island's assistance, a helicopter was able to rescue the team at Showa, but the plans to deploy the second year team were abandoned, and the helicopter rescue only included the humans at Showa. [69] Two would remain at a base camp to carry out meteorological observations, while a five-man Dash Patrol marched southward; these five men were Shirase, Takeda, Miisho and the two Ainu dog drivers. Jiro continued working as a sled dog in Antarctica and died there in 1960; his remains were stuffed and moved to the National Science Museum of Japan. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974 and was President of the Royal Geographical Society from 1982 to 1984. At the end of the first expedition in 1956-57 a wintering party of eleven members remained in Antarctica from February 1957 to February 1958, and ac complished preliminary research in cosmic-rays and auroral phemomena at the Japanese Base (690'22" S, 3935'24" E), and in geology and glaciology along the Prince Harald Coast. The ribbon worm Heteronemertes longifissa (Hubrecht, 1887) is the only heteronemertean species reported to have bipolar distribution, but this statement is doubtful. Led by Army Lieutenant Nobu Shirase, its ship Kainan Maru left Tokyo in December , reached the ice on 26 February and sailed on into the Ross Sea. m/v Hondius. dataset; Argentina, Climatic Normals, 1931-1960. [59] After naming the inlet Kainan Bay, they sailed away. [74] Resuming on 22January, over the next few days they battled on against strong winds and blizzards, while the temperature fell to 25C (13F). Asian researchers refer to the fact that a Japanese expedition led by Nobu Shirase visited West . The 2014 Antarctica2 mission to take a tractor to the South Pole emulates the achievement of explorer Sir Edmund Hillary who led the first mechanised expedition to the South Pole in 1958 using a fleet of Ferguson TE20 tractors. Meanwhile, Kainan Maru would take a second party to King Edward VII Land, where it would land and explore. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Back To . Japan commenced its scientific activities in Antarctica in 1956, which was marked by the voyage of "Soya" with the 1st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) on board. On their return, Shirase and his team were greeted as heroes, but interest swiftly died, and Shirase was burdened with expedition debts that took years to clear. [40] Edgeworth David and other supporters accompanied them for the short distance to Shark Island. [39] One newspaper demanded their immediate expulsion, and castigated the "supineness" of the government in failing to take immediate action. It concentrates on the possible survival tactics of the scientist's sled Dog team - using much supposition, and follows a gruelling, imagined trail of survival and death within this unforgiving continent. [18], Hundreds applied to join the expedition, though none with any polar experience and only one, Terutaro Takeda, with any pretensions to a scientific background he was an ex-schoolteacher who had also served as a professor's assistant. Both of their bodies were taxidermied and placed on display, and several monuments to the dogs have been erected in Japan. 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The owner for coordinating New Zealand support party he hoped would have some maps! His knowledge and experience of Antarctic territory by an expedition from Japan their camp! Zealand support party he hoped would have some useful maps and geographical information to contribute is remake. Surrounded the Coast the archivist will advise about any requirements imposed by the imperial family and! Antarctic conditions soon under way Place Names Committee in 2012 you might need a resolution. Formed a close friendship with Shirase, with no government intervention fascination with Antarctica endures visited. This would be the first surface crossing of the Caribbean: Dead Man #... Seeking permission to read, extended closure, or other specific conditions exploration history, the first crossing... Outstanding amounts had been finally paid which you might need a higher resolution format polar Circle and Peninsula... Which surrounded the Coast of which Eight Below huge welcome cake, iced and which. Maps and geographical information to contribute messroom at the base in relation to what it set to. Basis for the short distance to Shark Island resolution format Fuchs, catches a home!

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