13.7 (Reference Figure 5.4) What will happen to an aircraft that is flown to the right side of the straight vertical line on the right side of the flight envelope? 4.15 A thicker airfoil results in what change to AOA? This is not a condition which we have studied earlier but we can get some idea of where this occurs by looking at the plot of drag versus velocity for an aircraft. 10.21 A _____ increase in weight results in _____ increase in takeoff distance. 12.10 If an airport is conducting simultaneous landing operations on parallel runways (e.g. Of course, it helps to do this in metric units. And this can be written [W/S] = Vstall2CLmax, On the plot above this would be a vertical line, looking something like this. 8.19 Propeller aircraft perform worse than turbojets in the low-speed region. % 8.25 When leveling off at cruise altitude after a climb in an aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller, as the forward speed of the aircraft increases the blade angle of attack __________. In the proceeding chapters we have looked at many aspects of basic aircraft performance. From the above it is obvious that maximum range will occur when the drag divided by velocity ( D/V) is a minimum. Find the maximum range and the maximum endurance for both aircraft. Of course when someone metricly assumes that one is both climbing and flying forward in m/s, that must be some airplane! 1.2 The aerodynamic component that is 90 to the flight path and acts toward the top of the airplane is called: 1.3 The aerodynamic component that is parallel to the flight path and acts toward the rear of the airplane is called: 1.4 The measure of the amount of material contained in a body is called: 1.5 The force caused by the gravitational attraction of the earth, moon, or sun is called: 1.6 A quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called: 1.7 An aircraft flying from AUO to ATL at 5,000 feet and 110 KIAS is said to have what kind of quantity? Obviously altitude is a factor in plotting these curves. The greatest danger(s) is that. 10.12 The following items all affect takeoff performance except __________. To get best range now the pilot must, Slow down by an amount less than the wind speed, 6.8 To obtain maximum range a jet airplane must be flown at, 6.9 Maximum rate of climb for a jet airplane occurs at, 6.10 Maximum climb angle for a jet aircraft occurs at. 11.12 Which of the following aircraft derive more lift due to high power settings? | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2013/november/pilot/proficiency-behind-the-power-curve, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Climb performance is a measure of excess thrust which generally increases lift to overcome other forces such as weight and drag, This is true for most aircraft although some high performance aircraft can function like rockets for a limited time, utilizing thrust to lift away from the earth vertically, with no lift required, Excess power or thrust, terms that are incorrectly used interchangeably, allow for an aircraft to climb, Power and thrust are not the same, despite their use as such, Power is a measure of output from the engine while thrust is the force that actually moves the aircraft, In a piston aircraft, power is converted to thrust through the propeller, In a jet aircraft, the engine produces thrust directly from the engine, When you are moving the throttle controls inside of the aircraft, you're controlling the engine and that is why they are referred to as power levers, Therefore the best angle of climb (produces the best climb performance with relation to distance, occurs where the maximum thrust is available, The best rate occurs where the maximum power is available), The relationship between propulsion and drag is such that it takes a certain amount of power/thrust to overcome drag both on the high end (the faster you go) and also the low-end (the slower you go), This is noticeable during slow flight where you find yourself adding extra power to overcome all the increases in drag that are necessary to sustain lift, If you fall "behind the power curve" however, you're in a position where you cannot generate immediate performance by simply increasing power, The increase in power must first overcome the increased drag and then the expected performance will occur, Ultimately, it is because of excess power (or thrust) that an aircraft climbs, For the purpose of initial climb however, we are concerned with our aircraft's performance in order to get away from the ground, Certain conditions will call for a specific climb profile, generally best rate (V, Max excess thrust results in the best angle of climb, Reduced distance to climb to the same altitude as V, Best rate of climb, or Vy, maximizes velocity to obtain the greatest gain in altitude over a given period of time, Vy is normally used during climb, after all obstacles have been cleared, It is the point where the largest power is available, Increases airflow over the engine while at high power, Provides additinoal buffer from stall speeds, Takes more distance to reach the same altitude as V. There are several factors which can impact climb performance: One of the most basic considerations with regard to aircraft performance is weight, as it is a, The higher the weight of an aircraft, the more lift will be required to counteract, Ambient air temperatures impacts your aircraft performance based on their physical properties, Engines don't like to run hot and if they do then reduced throttle settings may be required, Temperature is also a leading factor in determining the effect of air density on climb performance, Air density, and more specifically, density altitude, is the altitude which the aircraft "thinks" it is at, Performance does not depend on the physical altitude, but rather the density altitude, and the higher the temperature, the higher that altitude, As the engine and airframe struggle to perform, expect changes to charactaristics like a reduced climb attitude, Headwinds increase performance by allowing wind flow over the wings without any forward motion of the aircraft, Smooth, parasite free wings produce the best lift, Anything to interrupt the smooth flow of air or increase drag will require additional forward movement, or thrust, to overcome, Increased drag will rquire increased power and therefore during climb, may result in decreased climb performance, Used to determine rate of climb for a given departure/climb out, Ground Speed (GS) (knots) 60 * Climb Gradient (Feet Per Mile), Climb Gradient Required = 200 feet per mile, 75 60 * 200 = 280 feet per minute climb rate required, Climb performance is governed by FAR Part 23, depending on aircraft weight, Pilots may always deviate from climb numbers for factors like cooling or ability to locate and follow traffic, Remember when flying under instrument conditions, minimum climb gradients are expected unless a deviation is communicated and authorized, as applicable. Modern propellers on larger aircraft would always be equipped with automatic feathering provisions. Each plot of the specific power equation that we add to this gives us a better definition of our design space. Figure 9.3: James F. Marchman (2004). 121.65 knots 1.9 An aircraft is traveling west at an airspeed of 120 knots and is experiencing a crosswind of 20 knots from the north (90). Hg and a runway temperature of 20C. <> 11.20 The power-off stalling speed in a specified configuration is called: 11.21 During a stabilized approach, if an aircraft maintains constant airspeed and constant power but adds flaps, the pilot can expect a _________. 2.22 _____________________ results when the CAS has been corrected for compressibility effects. Any spreadsheet will be able to do this. A car can be designed to go really fast or to get really good gas mileage, but probably not both. Using the PA-PRcurves in 2-3 for a propeller airplane find: _______ a. Under what conditions can the maximum angle of climb be achieved for jet and propeller aircraft? It is, for example, a common mistake for students to look at the performance goals for an aircraft design and just plug in the numbers given without thinking about them. We might start with cruise since a certain minimum range is often a design objective. 3.25 The rudder controls movement around the ________________ axis. 3.13 thru 3.17 Reference Figure 2. The aircraft will experience structural damage or failure. 7.10 Which of the following words should never be used in the discussion of jet aircraft? What is the equivalent power that it is producing? 8.8 Which horsepower is the usable horsepower for reciprocating engines? Raymer, Daniel P. (1992). To include drag due to engine failure at low thrust/ weight ratios, E may be reduced by approx-imately 4% for wing-mounted engines and 2% for engines mounted on either side of the fuselage tail. Best Rate of Climb 6.11 The equation T= Q(V2- V1) expresses Newton's ______ law. 12.8 Wake turbulence can cause an airplane to be turned completely upside down. How to properly visualize the change of variance of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a fixed variable? The Role of Performance in Aircraft Design: Constraint Analysis, 9.6 Other Design Objectives Including Take-off, https://archive.org/details/hw-9_20210805, source@https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/aerodynamics, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 13.5 (Reference Figure 5.4) What speed is indicated at point C? 5. max thickness. 6.18 Thrust-producing aircraft have a fuel consumption roughly proportional to thrust output. 1.25 The Law of Conservation of Energy states that: 2.1 Static air pressure is simply the weight per unit area of the air above the level under consideration. 7.9 A lightly loaded jet aircraft will be able to glide further but at a lower airspeed than when it is heavily loaded. How would a three-hour time exposure photograph of stars in the northern sky appear if Earth did not rotate? 8.23 For a power producer, unaccelerated maximum velocity will occur at the intersection of the full power-available curve and the ________________. Did the residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks to the warnings of a stone marker? We cant fly straight and level at speeds below the stall speed or above the maximum speed where the drag equals the maximum thrust from the engine. As a flight instructor and aircraft enthusiast, I have long admired the . Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. 6.19 For a turbojet, each pound of drag requires a pound of ____________ to offset it. Note that just as the drag equation is a function of both V and 1/V, this is a function of both W/S and 1/(W/S). 7.21 Lowering the landing gear and flaps has what effect on the drag curve of a thrust-producing aircraft? 10.1, what is the minimum takeoff distance required to climb over a 50 ft obstacle, for the given aircraft with the following conditions: 10C OAT, PA 2000 ft, weight 2700 lb., 10-kt headwind. 11.11 In most cases, an aircraft that has a high rate of descent on final approach should ____________. 8.5 Propeller aircraft get the highest angle of climb at (L/D)max. See also. Plotting it as Peter Kampf did yields the airspeed of maximum climb angle. (As a point of trivia, it looks like if the horizontal units on your graph are knots and the vertical units are feet/min, then the angle computed with the arcsine is about 4% larger, or about 0.6 degrees larger, than the angle computed with the arctangent.). 17-57). The second is that the takeoff parameter (TOP) defined for propeller aircraft is based on power requirements (specifically, horsepower requirements) rather than thrust. T/W = (qCD0)/(W/S) + (kn2/q)(W/S) + (1/V)dh/dt + (1/g)dV/dt. %PDF-1.3 c. By how many fringes will this water layer shift the interference pattern? If we want an airplane that only does one thing well we need only look at that one thing. The climb curve would probably be plotted at sea level conditions since that is where the target maximum rate of climb is normally specified. Range is often a design objective expresses Newton 's ______ law be equipped with automatic feathering provisions bivariate Gaussian cut! Thing well we need only look at that one thing well we only. A _____ increase in takeoff distance 7.21 Lowering the landing gear and flaps has what on... Power producer, unaccelerated maximum velocity will occur when the drag curve a... 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