The swelling phenomenon of soil occurs progressively and depends on the soil saturation and its clay structure (Medjnoun et al., 2014). Your email address will not be published. Proc. 4th Indian reprint, Pearson Education, Delhi, Fang HY (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, Ola SA (1975) Stabilization of Nigeria lateritic soils with cement, bitumen and lime. Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. A&M, Texas, 152171. This interaction is modelled by two types of forces: Van der Waals surface forces and the adsorption forces between clay minerals and water molecules. Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. Treating fine grained soils with a calcium-based reagent, such as lime, can modify the clay portion of soils and reduce the shrink/swell potential. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Elarabi, H. (2010). This shrinkage canremovestructural support from a home or structure and result in damaging subsidence. A&M, Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE10, 3me Confrence Maghrbine en Ingnierie Gotechnique CMIG13, Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Indian Geotechnical Conference, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, National Engineering School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, No. Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. Holtz, R. D., and Kovacs, W. D. (1981). de lquipement N26, 5366. Expansive soils shrink and swell in response to soil moisture levels. The swelling and shrinkage behaviour of clay is a very dangerous phenomenon that leads to several kinds of damage and huge repair costs. This involves excavation of expansive soil and replacement with non-expansive material, where the depth of active zone (depth from ground surface wherein seasonal moisturethe shear strength of foundation expansive soils. FIGURE 2. Expansive soils have the ability to drastically swell based on the amount of expansive minerals and moisture that is present in the soil. These areas are underlain by soils with little to no clays with swelling potential. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. NSE Technical Transactions 32(4):6576, Osula DOA (1991) lime modification of problem laterite. NSE Technical Transactions 32(4):6576, Osula DOA (1991) lime modification of problem laterite. The development of autonomous mobile robots is increasingly attracting the attention of large groups of researchers. The plumb-bob reveals 9 inches of inward displacement. Expansive Soils and Practice in Foundation Engineering, in Louisiana Transportation Conference, Baton Rouge. Furthermore, soil replacement, use of strong enough structures and structure isolation from the swelling clay are among the three most commonly used techniques (Kalantari, 2012). Required fields are marked *. Eng. Google Scholar, Nalbantoglu, Z (2006) Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2004) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. For instance, the soil swells during the high humidity season with induced deformation in a retaining wall. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. Then, the swelling stabilized during 02h 30min. Admixtures can be added to expansive clays to reduce the shrink-swell properties, as well.[3]. Laboratory testing is important to determine the soil type and the amount of clay content. of soil present and determine their expansive properties. The mitigation solution reduced the swelling effect by placing a compacted granular layer as an interface between the expansive clay and the foundation. Expansive soils can shrink so much after swelling that deep, wide cracks are able to develop after drying and contracting. Cracked foundations, floors, and basement walls are typical types of damage done by swelling soils. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. 2A assumes 28 (6), 805813. 3 Articles, Proceeding of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company Inc, Concluding Proceedings Engineering Effects of Moisture Change in Soils, International Research and Engineering Conference on Expansive Clay Soils. The damage done by expansive soils is then attributed to poor construction practices or a misconception that all buildings experience this type of damage as they age. Annually, billions of dollars are spent worldwide in repairing the severe damage that currently affects constructions as a result of the swell phenomenon. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 55. Correspondence to When they take on water, they increase in volume. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1989)115:1(1). This article is published in Vadose Zone Journal.The article was published on 2017-11-01. Figures 7A,B show the difference between the respective oedometer curves of a non-expansive soil and an expansive soil, however without having any notice about the measurement of the free swell. Skempton, A. W. (1953). The more of these minerals that are present, the greater the possibility of expansion when moisture is introduced. Experimental Study on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Coir Geotextile, in Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6564_11. Inexpensive adjective. [2], Mitigation of the effects of expansive clay on structures built in areas with expansive clays is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering. Soils are composed of a variety of materials, most of which do not expand in the presence of moisture. Throughout the ratio Cc/Cs value, one can perceive if the tested soil is expansive or non-expansive, without the need for the measurement of the swell pressure in the free swell phase. The name chlorite comes from the Greek word for green, its typical color. In: Prashant, A., Sachan, A., Desai, C. (eds) Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics . The chemical composition of its inner layers prevents water from entering its structure. Expansive soil or clay is considered to be one of the more problematic soils and it causes damage to various civil engineering structures because of its swelling and shrinking potential when it comes into contact with water. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9341-5. As water is absorbed, the clay particles move apart, increasing the swelling pressure (Elarabi, 2010). In most areas, where soils are produced "in situ," this method of assignment was reasonable. 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Taki, K., Bhattacharya, P. (2020). 7, 754761. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.754761. Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with clays of high swelling potential. More regional mapping along with site specific testing is needed to identify potential problem areas. To better illustrate this process, exchangeable cations are attracted to the surface of the negatively charged clay particles. Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. While many types of clays expand when they come in contact with water, not all do. All construction projects should include a soil analysis to identify the types Station, Vicksburg, MS. Report No. Expansive soils typically clays are a problematic soil category, which often poses serious pathology, especially when lightweight constructions are built on it. In this regard, several contributions have been published (Hussain and Dash, 2011; Plaisted and Zornberg, 2011; Gueddouda et al., 2013; Aniculaesi and Lungu, 2019). What's A Geologic Hazard, in Geotimes, 4. Even though irrigation is expensive, the cost is small compared to repairing a cracked foundation. According to the BETand Newman methods, the SSA can Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 26)-1987. doi:10.1061/taceat.0007325. This change in volume can exert enough force on a building or other structure to cause damage. As adjectives the difference between inexpensive and cheap is that inexpensive is low in price while cheap is low and/or reduced in price. Expansive soils have the ability to drastically swell based on the amount of expansive minerals and moisture that is present in the soil. Based on oedometer curves, when the Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 10, the soil is concluded to be either non-swelling or its swelling potential is negligible. The mineral make-up of this type of soil is responsible for the moisture retaining capabilities. Front. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for different curing periods of 0, 3, 7, 21 and 28days. Therefore, based on those two classification methods the swelling characterization is not confirmed. | Careers |Privacy policy | Terms and Conditions | Contact Us | Sitemap. To analyze the effect of the granular for mitigating the swelling pressure, two oedometer tests were performed on a pure clay specimen. The validation of the suggested method of classification needs, first, the collection of a big number of oedometer data, for expansive and non-expansive soils from different case histories. 251404N, 1101048E), southern China, labeled as Soils 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. 4th Indian reprint, Pearson Education, Delhi, Fang HY (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, Ola SA (1975) Stabilization of Nigeria lateritic soils with cement, bitumen and lime. Of course, some conditions are required to cause expansion and contraction and certain conditions can exacerbate these processes and put extra strain on your property. Case 1: For the first hour and a half, it is clear that case ones curve, shown in Figure 14A, keeps the swelling at a medium rate, approximately 38.4nm/s. Eng. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Expansive soils will also shrink when they dry out. Cracks that develop after expanded soil has dried allow more water to penetrate deeper into the soil causing more damage as time goes on. Hence, finding methods to characterize this category of soil is crucial. Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology (1999). J. Environ. The swelling phenomenon in expansive clays is complex and arises from an electrochemical process. expansive definition: 1. very happy to talk to people in a friendly way: 2. covering a large area: 3. very happy to. Keywords: expansive clay, characterization, granular material, swelling pressure, mitigation, oedometer test, compression index, swelling index, Citation: Bouassida M, Manigniavy SA, Azaiez D and Bouassida Y (2022) New Approach for Characterization and Mitigation of the Swelling Phenomenon. The following table gives the swelling potential of soil as low, medium, high and very high from which we can identify the soil as swelling type or not. MATEC Web of Conferences 11, 03004. doi:10.1051/matecconf/20141103004, Medjnoun, A., and Bahar, R. (2016). To prevent the occurrence of the swelling phenomenon, the peripheral drainage trench revealed a suitable method to control water evacuation away from structural elements in contact with these problematic clays. The unique load on the sample is the mass of the porous stone which is converted to a pressure of 0.25kPa. Currently, builders are required by law to have a Geotechnical Engineer (G.E.) (B) Case 2 specimen. TABLE 1. BM: principal investigator; S.A. Manigniavy: PhD fellow D. Azaiez: Ph D fellow Y. Bouassida: co supervisor of PhD fellow.
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