Marcotte, D. (1998). [25], This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. He concluded that the circumference of the earth was about 50 times greater than the distance from Alexandria to Aswan. Eratosthenes. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers. Ptolemys most significant geographical innovation was the record of longitudes and latitudes in degrees on his world map for roughly 8,000 locations, allowing him to create an exact duplicate of his map. Required fields are marked *. Eratosthenes also found a solution to the so-called Deliano problem, or the doubling of the cube. Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) The word geography comes from a Middle French word that was first used in 1540. Eratosthenes. The role of p ychologi t in relation to mental health and well-being i extremely important today, and it i not urpri ing that many people have the need to go to p ychotherapy e ion or require p ycholo Few mu ician have o marked the future of modern mu ic a Michael Jack on, con idered the King of Pop. The fact of being incarcerated and deprived of liberty it bring with it important p ychological con equence . The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes, the great mathematician. Eratosthenes is also known for his achievement in astronomy. According to Macrobious, Eratosthenes made the diameter of the Sun to be about 27 times that of the Earth. The most enduring contribution of the Guidelines has been the articulation of the five fundamental themes of geography: 1) location; 2) place; 3) relationships within places (human-environmental interaction); 4) relationships between places (movement); and 5) regions. Of the four people named as his students in Suda, three cannot be identified with certainty and were therefore hardly important scientists. Archives. What were the contributions of Eratosthenes, Hipparcus, and Ptolemy to oceanography? 5 best Master's degrees in Clinical and Health Psychology to study in Spain, The 40 phrases of Michael Jackson, the King of Pop, 7 keys for someone to open up more to you, The 10 most romantic cities on the planet, Social behavior: definition and explanatory theories, Postcoital dysphoria: symptoms, causes and treatment, Scriptophobia: symptoms, causes and treatment, Nematodes: characteristics, classification, reproduction, nutrition, Specialized texts: characteristics, structure, types, examples. 2. He created a longitude and latitude system, as well as a map of the world. All Categories. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy, including Ptolemy IV Philopator who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh. He was a renowned mathematician, poet, geographer, astronomer, and music theorist. Earth was considered as the centre of the universe, around which revolved the seven planets. Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) was an Ancient Greek scientist and philosopher who did work in astronomy, geometry, geography, mathematics, as well as poetry and history. The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. This algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. to find all prime numbers between any two integers. It is thought that Eratosthenes may also have been a pupil of Callimachus. Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from the prime's square). He drew the meridian through Alexandria, Syene, Rhodes and the mouth of Boresthenes (Dniester). Duane W. Roller provides a rich background, including a history of the text and its reception, a biography of Eratosthenes, and a comprehensive account of ancient Greek geographical thought and of Eratosthenes pioneering contribution to it. Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first accurate measurement of the circumference of the Earth. Ben-Avraham et al. He was the first prose writer. Arsinoe (a biography of Queen Arsinoe, wife and sister of Ptolemy IV). A librarian named Hipparchus later placed lines of longitude at regular intervals, and this was improved even more by Ptolemy, who added cardinal directions and divided degrees into minutes and seconds. Who succeeded Eratosthenes as the chief librarian of Alexandria? Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. "Zeno and Stoic Consistency," in Phronesis. The geometry of the situation is sketched at the right. It provides insights into economic, social, historic, culture, religious, political, and climate geography, plus oceanography, demographics, and more. Ptolemy III was not moved only by his interest in the work of Eratosthenes, but also by political motives. George Syncellus was later able to preserve from Chronographies a list of 38 kings of the Egyptian Thebes. Was nicknamed Beta by other Greeks of his time, in reference to the second letter of the alphabet. [12] As he aged, he contracted ophthalmia, becoming blind around 195 BC. Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference, and invented the latitude/longitude system. The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes becomes the first person to determine the circumference of the Earth. [1] Cyrene became a place of cultivation, where knowledge blossomed. This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. Born: c. 276 BCE in Cyrene (present-day Libya) Died: 192 or 196 BCE in Alexandria, Egypt Early Life Eratosthenes was born around 276 BCE in a Greek colony in Cyrene, a territory located in present-day Libya. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term geography between 275 and 194 BC. Cyrene, then a Greek city, is now the town of Shahhat in Libya. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. The pecialized text They are thoe that contain a vocabulary and terminology pecific to a certain branch of knowledge. [5] He adopted view of Aristotle & regarded the shape of the earth as sphere. Eratosthenes went to Athens to further his studies. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 FAQS Clear - All Rights Reserved However, it was in geography where he proved to be more skillful for he was one of the greatest of all ancient geographers. Everything that pleases the Muses and kings you yourself gave to your son. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Eratosthenes was a Greek scientist who lived from 276 to 194 B.C. He studied at Plato's school in Athens. He used as a basis the ecliptic movement, that is, the movement of the sun observed by the apparent changes of the same from the earth. The Classical Review. Among the archives that were at the disposal of Eratosthenes, the distance between Siena and Alexandria was stated to be 5000 stadia. A polymath who served as librarian at Alexandria and tutor to the future King Ptolemy IV, Eratosthenes created the terminology of . Why do you suppose the residents of Alexandria became hostile to the librarians and the many achievements of the library? III. 1. Leaving Cape Town in April 1932, Discoveryand its oceanographers, including George Deacon, circumnavigated Antarctica, much of the first few months at sea the Antarctic winter, completing the long series of sections in April 1933 before returning to England. He reportedly fell into despair, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation in 194 as a result. The 200-foot ship was three-masted, square-rigged, and built of wood. He made a catalog of 675 stars. Using his discoveries and knowledge of its size and shape, he began to sketch it. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. It is believed that it was Eratosthenes' fame as a poet that attracted the attention of Ptolemy III Evergetes, who called him to Alexandria to tutor his son, as well as offering him a position as director of the city library. The [] Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. Between 276 and 195 BC, he created one of the first known maps of the world, but his most significant contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. They had a keen sense of ocean currents and variations in bird and sea life in different places in the Pacific. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. He was nicknamed Beta because he was great at many things and tried to get his hands on every bit of information but never achieved the highest rank in anything; Strabo accounts Eratosthenes as a mathematician among geographers and a geographer among mathematicians.[25]. Which common nonsilicate mineral is used in wallboard. Despite his great contributions to science, his work was not replicated by many others, apparently because he did not get enough students to pass on his discoveries and theories. They also expanded the studies in Sophocles. . Eratosthenes was educated in philosophy and mathematics in Athens. What are the most common nonsilicate, Your floor (length x width) can be used to calculate your square footage. What was Eratosthenes greatest achievement? Eratosthenes was born in approximately 276 BC. He was the chief librarian of the Great Library of Alexandria. He described the geography of the world into two parts: (i) Europa, and (ii) Libya (Africa including Asia). References to the works of Eratosthenes are preserved thanks to other authors, since when the library of Alexandria was lost, practically all of his work was lost. There it remained, approximately, for 25 years. However, he assumed that Siena was right over the Tropic of Cancer, a fact that was incorrect. Cars &vehicles (9) Eratosthenes was also interested in history and created a chronology of the world from the siege of Troy to his time, taking as references the dates that appeared in literature and in political writings. Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. Geography was defined by Hettner as the earths chorological science. Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. [9], The measurement of Earth's circumference is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes,[13] who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia (39,060 to 40,320 kilometres (24,270 to 25,050mi)), with an error on the real value between 2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres (509 and 525ft)). The correct answer is to determine the Earths circumference. Your email address will not be published. Oceanography; Geography of Environment; Population & Settlement Geography; Economic Geography; . In this work, which for the first time described the geography of the entire inhabited world as it was then known, Eratosthenes of Kyrene (ca. However, his contributions to the study of the earth gave him the title of father of geography. Thus began the fame of Eratosthenes, since in his new field he achieved the recognition he had desired. Posidonius wrote a bookThe Ocean. Definition of Oceanography 1. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term "geography" between 275 and 194 BC. He had inclination toward arts as well as music and poetry composition. Eratosthenes was called The Father Of Geography, since he was very knowledgeable about the earth. Some time ago he had gone blind from cataracts and is believed to have committed suicide by starvation. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. Eratosthenes' is believed to be the first person to attempt a determination of the size of the Earth through measurement. Guillaumin (eds.). Moreover, he conceived the peninsula of India Pointing towards the south-west, instead of south. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. He reportedly fell into despair, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation in 194 as a result. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude . A Tradition of Exploration Norwegian pioneers throughout history The Viking Age From 800 to 1066 AD, the Vikings journeyed in their longships to explore and establish trade around Europe. The nematode They are a group of animal that are characterized by having a cylindrical body, without egmentation. Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. Your email address will not be published. So he studied there, and briefly in Athens as well. Updates? What makes the scientific discipline of geography different from other science disciplines is its emphasis on space, place, and connection. [2][3] He was also the first to calculate Earth's axial tilt, which has also proved to have remarkable accuracy. Starting with the first prime number, two, all multiples of two are crossed off. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to calculate the circumference of the Earth. In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,[11] Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC, with a high precision. 3. Eratosthenes was one of the most pre-eminent scholarly figures of his time, and produced works covering a vast area of knowledge before and during his time at the Library. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. Ptolemy studied the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors as well as its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media, defending the theory that vision is caused by a flow emanating from the eye. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. He was the inventor of Geography and is responsible for calculating the Earths circumference. Systmone Remote Access, Oceanography 100 Karen Baker Quiz #2. Who is responsible for the first measurement of the circumference of the Earth? As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. He compiled a star catalog and the earliest surviving table of a trigonometric function and established mathematically that an object and its mirror image must make equal angles to a mirror. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. He also devised a system for discovering prime numbers as whole numbers that can only be divided by themselves or the number 1. Eratosthenes' Geography. Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition. He also measured the length of the shadow on the ground. Ptolemy made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, geography, musical theory, and optics. He did this by observing the Moon during a lunar eclipse and by estimating the angle and the size of the Earth. Eratosthenes experiment was highly regarded at the time, and his estimate of the Earths size was accepted for hundreds of years afterwards. Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony Cyrene, now the city of Shahhat, Libya. The actual circumference of the Earth is 24,874 miles (40,032 kilometers). Location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and geography are the five themes of geography. He also claimed that the rivers source was lakes. But Eratosthenes, who had wide-ranging interests including poetry, theatre and ethics, was first and foremost an astronomer, and Alexandria was the place to go for astronomical studies. [6] He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. Unfortunately, there are no documents left of his work after the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. [8], The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. It allows scientists to pinpoint specific locations using a system of degrees. And afterwards, Uranio Zeus, may the scepter of your hand guide it. They also were among the first people to use astronomical observations of the stars to help them navigate across the ocean. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. These works and his great poetic abilities led the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes to seek to place him as a librarian at the Library of Alexandria in the year 245 BC. He calculated the Earths circumference. He is known as the Father of Mathematics. The prime meridian plotted by Ptolemy was used by the Arabs for the calculation of time and longitudes. However, a simplified version of the method has been preserved, as described by Cleomedes.[15]. What superannuation contributions are reportable? Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. He created a device called the mesolabe, a kind of abacus for measurements and proportions, which he dedicated to King Ptolemy III. [23] Strabo says that Eratosthenes was wrong to claim that Alexander had disregarded the counsel of his advisers. He also measured the degree of obliquity of the ecliptic (in effect, the tilt of Earths axis) and wrote a treatise on the octateris, an eight-year lunar-solar cycle. Here Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene, wherein at noon each summer solstice, the Sun's rays shone straight down into the city-center well. He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. At Syene (now Aswn), some 800 km (500 miles) southeast of Alexandria in Egypt, the Suns rays fall vertically at noon at the summer solstice. He had become blind in his old age and could no longer work by 195 BCE. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to calculate the circumference of the Earth.
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